13. Probability

Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with the chance of occurrence of an event. In this chapter, students learn how to measure the likelihood of different outcomes in experiments such as tossing a coin, rolling a dice, or drawing a card. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space, and each possible result is known as an event.

 

Students also learn how to calculate probability using the basic formula: the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes. Understanding probability helps in making predictions and decisions in uncertain situations, and it is widely used in fields such as statistics, science, economics, weather forecasting, and games of chance.