Place a plane mirror on a sheet of paper and draw the normal. Use a ray box or torch to trace the incident and reflected rays. Measure angles to verify that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Place a coin in an empty bowl and observe it. Slowly pour water into the bowl and observe the apparent rise of the coin. This demonstrates refraction of light.

Use a convex lens and a candle to form images on a screen. Change object distance and observe nature and size of the image. Record observations.